如何检查起重机钩?

The crane hook. It’s the seemingly simple, yet absolutely critical, point of connection between your crane and its load. A failed 起重机钩 doesn’t just mean downtime; it can lead to catastrophic accidents, injuries, fatalities, and significant property damage. Regular and thorough inspection of crane hooks isn’t just good practice – it’s a non-negotiable safety imperative.

This guide outlines the essential steps for a proper crane hook inspection, covering both frequent pre-use checks and more detailed periodic inspections. Always adhere to the manufacturer’s specific instructions and relevant safety regulations (像OSHA, ASME B30.10, ISO 9927-1, or local equivalents) for your equipment.

Why Inspection is Paramount

• Prevents Failure: Hooks are subjected to immense stress, 弯曲, and wear. Fatigue cracks or deformation can develop over time.

• Identifies Wear & Damage: Normal use causes wear on the saddle, 小腿, and latch (如果配备了). Damage can also occur from overload, 影响, or environmental factors.

• Ensures Load Security: A deformed hook or malfunctioning latch can allow the load to slip or detach unexpectedly.

• 遵守: Regular documented inspections are typically required by law and insurance policies.

Types of Inspections

1. 预先使用 / 经常检查: Performed daily or before each shift by the operator or designated personnel. Quick visual and functional check.

2. 周期性 / 定期检查: Conducted monthly, 季刊, or annually (as defined by regulations, 制造商, and usage severity) by a competent and qualified inspector. More detailed, may involve measurements and cleaning.

3. Comprehensive / Major Inspection: Detailed disassembly and examination, often requiring specialized personnel and NDT (非破坏性测试), typically annually or as specified.

The Crane Hook Inspection Checklist (Focusing on Pre-Use & 周期性)

1. 准备 & Safety FIRST:

• Isolate the Crane: 锁定/标记 (心) the crane’s power source. Ensure it cannot be energized.

• Lower the Hook: Position the hook block safely at ground level or a designated inspection area.

• 清洁钩子: Remove excessive dirt, 润滑脂, or paint build-up that could hide defects. A wire brush is often useful. Caution: Don’t remove protective lubricants in wear areas unless specified for inspection.

• Gather Tools: Good lighting (flashlight!), inspection mirror, magnifying glass, calipers or hook gauges (to measure wear/deformation), wear gauge for the latch (如果适用), and documentation forms.

2. 视觉检查 (Look for ANY signs of imperfection):

• 裂缝: 这 #1 critical defect. Examine the ENTIRE hook meticulously, paying special attention to high-stress areas:

  • Inside the “Saddle” (Bowl/Throat): The curved inner surface where the load sits. Use a mirror to see all areas. Look for ANY hairline cracks, especially radiating from the inner surface.

  • 小腿 (Area below the Saddle): Inspect both sides and the top where it meets the swivel or nut.

  • Hook Tip (观点):

  • Base of the Hook (Where shank meets the eye/shim/nut): A prime location for fatigue cracks.

• 穿:

  • Saddle (喉咙打开): Measure the wear depth. Compare to the original dimension (often stamped on the hook or in manuals). Critical: 磨损超过 10% (or manufacturer limit, 经常 5-15%) of the original throat opening diameter usually mandates replacement. Use hook gauges or calipers.

  • Hook Tip: Excessive wear can reduce strength and affect latch function.

• 形变 (Bending, Twisting):

  • Twist: Look down the shank towards the tip. The tip should be centered within the shank. Any noticeable twist is unacceptable.

  • Bend/Opening: Compare the actual hook opening (distance between tip and shank) to the original specification. Opening increasing beyond 15% (or manufacturer limit, 经常 5-15%) is dangerous. Use gauges or calipers.

  • Straight Shank: The shank should be straight, not bent or bowed.

• 腐蚀 & 点缀: Severe corrosion or deep pitting significantly weakens the hook. Light surface rust might be cleaned and monitored, but significant pitting requires evaluation by a qualified person. Beware of corrosion under paint.

• Gouges, Nicks, & Grooves: Deep surface damage acts as a stress concentrator, potentially leading to cracks. Assess depth and location.

• Paint Condition: Peeling, flaking, or blistering paint could indicate underlying corrosion. It can also hide cracks. Areas needing repainting should be cleaned and inspected first.

3. Functional Inspection (For Hooks with Latches):

• Latch Presence & 类型: Ensure the correct type of latch (spring-loaded, gravity, ETC。) is present and intact as designed.

• Latch Operation:

  • Spring Latches: Should move freely and snap back positively into the closed position over the hook tip when released. Check spring tension.

  • Gravity Latches: Should swing freely and cover the tip reliably under gravity.

• Latch Wear: Inspect the latch contact surface with the hook tip for excessive wear or deformation. Measure wear against specifications if possible.

• Latch Security: The latch must effectively prevent slings or hardware from accidentally slipping off the tip when closed. Verify it cannot be easily forced open under light pressure.

4. Attachments & Fittings:

• Hook Nut/Collar: Check for tightness (no rotation), 裂缝, 形变, 和腐蚀. Ensure it’s properly seated.

• 旋转机制 (如果适用): Check for smooth rotation without binding, excessive play, or visible damage. Listen for grinding noises when turning manually.

• Safety Latch Pins/Retainers: Ensure they are present and secure.

• Hook Block Sheaves: Inspect for wear, 裂缝, and smooth rotation (though this is part of block inspection, it’s often done concurrently).

5. 文档:

• Record Findings: Document every inspection (日期, 检查员, crane ID, 挂钩ID), noting any defects found, 进行的测量, and actions taken (例如, “Passed,” “Monitor wear at location X,” “Removed from service”).

• 标记: If a hook fails inspection, it MUST be immediately removed from service. Tag it clearly “DO NOT USE” or “DEFECTIVE” and follow procedures for repair/replacement by qualified personnel. Never weld or attempt to straighten a damaged hook! Replacement is the only safe option for critical defects.

When to Retire a Hook (Immediate Removal Criteria)

• 1. 任何可见的裂缝, no matter how small.
• 2. Excessive throat opening wear (>10-15% increase or per mfr.).
• 3. Excessive hook opening increase (>15% or per mfr.).
• 4. Any twist or bend in the shank.
• 5. Severe corrosion or pitting significantly reducing cross-section.
• 6. Latch missing, broken, or malfunctioning.
• 7. Wear at the hook tip affecting latch security.
• 8. Deformation of the hook nut/collar or swivel.
• 9. Exceeds manufacturer’s stated service life or load cycle limits.

对于提示: When in doubt about the severity of a defect, REMOVE THE HOOK FROM SERVICE and consult a qualified crane inspector or engineer. Never gamble with hook integrity.

Inspecting a crane hook is a fundamental responsibility for anyone involved in crane operations. By incorporating thorough pre-use checks and diligently following scheduled periodic inspections using this checklist, you proactively identify potential hazards before they lead to disaster. Remember, a few minutes spent carefully examining that hook could save lives, prevent injuries, and avoid costly accidents. Make hook inspection a non-negotiable part of your daily safety routine.