Lista di controllo per l'ispezione della gru a ponte

Overhead cranes are workhorses in manufacturing plants, cantieri, and warehouses, playing a crucial role in lifting and moving heavy loads. Tuttavia, their safe and efficient operation relies heavily on regular and thorough inspections. Neglecting inspections can lead to equipment failure, workplace accidents, and costly downtime. In questo blog, we’ll walk you through a step-by-step guide on how to inspect an overhead crane properly.

Preparazione pre-ispezione

Prima di iniziare l'ispezione, proper preparation is essential to ensure the process is safe and effective.

• 1. Review Documentation: Gather the crane’s operation manual, maintenance records, and previous inspection reports. This helps you understand the crane’s history, any past issues, and specific inspection requirements.
• 2. Prepare Tools and Equipment: Equip yourself with necessary tools such as a flashlight, nastro di misurazione, chiave dinamometrica, inspection mirror, and a camera for documenting findings. Also, ensure you have personal protective equipment (DPI) like a hard hat, safety shoes, gloves, and a harness if working at height.
• 3. Secure the Area: Block off the area around the crane to prevent unauthorized access. Put up warning signs and ensure no one is working or walking under the crane during the inspection.
• 4. Check Power Supply: Ensure the crane’s power is turned off and locked out/tagged out (CUORE) to avoid accidental activation during the inspection.

Visual Inspection of Key Components

1. Sistema di sollevamento

Sistema di sollevamento

• Overhead Crane Hook: Check for cracks, deformazione, wear on the hook throat or shank, and damage to the latch. Ensure the hook rotates freely and the latch is functioning properly to prevent loads from slipping.
• Wire Rope: Inspect for broken wires, nodi, corrosione, Indossare, and improper lubrication. Pay attention to areas near the drum and sheaves where wear is more common. Measure the rope diameter to check for excessive wear—if it’s below the manufacturer’s recommended limit, replace the rope.
• Drum and Sheaves: Look for cracks, wear on the drum flange or sheave grooves, and misalignment. Ensure the crane wire rope drum is not damaged and the rope is properly seated in the grooves without overlapping.
• Brake System: Check the brake pads for wear, proper adjustment, and contamination (oil or dust). Test the brake operation to ensure it can hold the rated load securely.

2. Bridge and Trolley

carrello

• Bridge Girder: Inspect the bridge girder for cracks, bending, or distortion. Check the connections between the girder and end trucks for tightness and signs of wear.
• Trolley: Examine the trolley wheels for wear, crepe, and proper alignment. Check the trolley drive mechanism, including gears and bearings, for unusual noise or damage.
• Runway Rails: Inspect the runway rails for straightness, levelness, and wear. Look for loose fasteners, damaged rail joints, and debris on the rails that could interfere with the crane’s movement.

3. Impianto Elettrico

crane radio control

• Cables and Wires: Check for frayed cables, loose connections, and damaged insulation. Ensure cables are properly supported and not dragging or rubbing against other components.
• Pannello di controllo: Inspect the control panel for signs of overheating, corrosione, or water damage. Test the buttons, switches, and indicators to ensure they are functioning correctly.
• Limit Switches: Verify the operation of upper and lower limit switches for the hoist, as well as travel limit switches for the bridge and trolley. These switches prevent the crane from moving beyond safe limits.

Operational Testing

After the visual inspection, perform operational tests to ensure the crane functions properly under load (if applicable) and no-load conditions.

• 1. No-Load Test: Turn on the power and test the hoist, bridge, and trolley movements in all directions. Check for smooth operation, rumori insoliti, and proper braking. Ensure the limit switches activate when the crane reaches the safe limits.
• 2. Load Test: Conduct a load test using a test load that is 100% A 125% of the crane’s rated capacity (follow manufacturer guidelines). Slowly lift the load, move it horizontally, and lower it. Observe for any excessive deflection of the bridge girder, unusual noises from components, or issues with the brake system. Ensure the load remains stable throughout the test.
• 3. Post-Test Checks: After completing operational tests, turn off the power and perform a final visual check of key components to ensure no new issues arose during testing. Check for any loose fasteners or signs of stress that may have developed.

Documentation and Follow-Up

Thorough documentation and timely follow-up are indispensable to maintain the crane’s safety record and address issues promptly. Skipping this step can lead to overlooked problems that escalate into major hazards.

• 1. Record Inspection Details: Document every aspect of the inspection, including the date, nome dell'ispettore, crane identification number, and a comprehensive list of components checked. For each component, note its condition—whether it’s in good shape, shows minor wear, or has critical defects. Attach photos or videos of problematic areas to provide visual evidence.
• 2. Classify Defects by Severity: Categorize defects to prioritize repairs: – Critical: Defects that pose immediate danger (PER ESEMPIO., cracked hook, broken wire ropes). The crane must be taken out of service immediately until repairs are completed and verified. – Major: Issues that could become critical soon (PER ESEMPIO., worn brake pads below recommended thickness). Schedule repairs within a short timeframe, and restrict the crane’s use if necessary. – Minor: Cosmetic damage or slight wear that doesn’t affect safety (PER ESEMPIO., minor paint chipping). Address these during routine maintenance.
• 3. Update Maintenance Logs: Integrate the inspection report into the crane’s official maintenance log. This log should track all inspections, riparazioni, replacements, and lubrication schedules. It serves as a historical record for future inspections and helps identify recurring issues.
• 4. Communicate and Assign Actions: Share the inspection report with relevant stakeholders, including maintenance teams, supervisors, and crane operators. Assign clear responsibilities for repairing defects—specify who will do the work, when it will be completed, and how it will be verified. Follow up to ensure all actions are carried out as planned.

How often do overhead cranes need to be inspected?

The frequency of overhead crane inspections depends on usage, environment, and regulatory requirements. Ecco le linee guida generali:

• 1. Daily Inspections: Conducted by the operator before each shift. Check for obvious issues like damaged hooks, loose cables, or abnormal noises during startup.
• 2. Ispezioni mensili/trimestrali: Performed by maintenance personnel. Include a more detailed visual check and basic operational tests.
• 3. Ispezioni annuali: Comprehensive inspections by qualified inspectors (certified by relevant authorities). This includes load testing, detailed component measurements, and electrical system diagnostics.
• 4. Dopo importanti riparazioni o incidenti: Inspect the crane thoroughly after any significant repairs, modifications, or incidents (PER ESEMPIO., sovraccarico, collision) to ensure it’s safe to operate.

Conclusione

FAQ About Overhead Crane Inspection Checklist

Q1: What key sections are typically included in an overhead crane inspection checklist?

UN: A standard checklist covers pre-inspection preparation (documentation review, tool/PPE preparation, area securing, CUORE), visual inspection of key components (hoist system, bridge/trolley, electrical system), operational testing (no-load, carico, post-test checks), and documentation/follow-up (recording findings, defect classification, maintenance log updates).

Q2: How does the inspection frequency differ for daily vs. annual checks in the checklist?

UN: Daily checks (by operators) focus on obvious issues like damaged hooks, loose cables, or startup noises. Annual checks (by qualified inspectors) are comprehensive, compreso il test di carico (100%-125% rated capacity), detailed component measurements, and electrical diagnostics—both are mandatory in most checklists to cover short-term and long-term safety.

Q3: Who is responsible for completing the overhead crane inspection checklist?

UN: Daily checklists are completed by the crane operator before each shift. Monthly/quarterly checklists are handled by maintenance personnel. Annual and post-repair checklists must be filled out by certified qualified inspectors (per OSHA or local regulatory standards) to ensure compliance.

Q4: Why is defect classification important in the inspection checklist?

UN: Classifying defects (critical, major, minor) in the checklist helps prioritize action. Critical defects (PER ESEMPIO., cracked hooks) require immediate shutdown; major issues (PER ESEMPIO., worn brake pads) need prompt repairs; minor ones (PER ESEMPIO., paint chipping) go to routine maintenance. This prevents overlooked hazards and streamlines repair workflows.

Q5: Can the checklist be customized for different types of overhead cranes?

UN: SÌ. While core sections are universal, checklists should be tailored to crane types (PER ESEMPIO., bridge cranes, gru a cavalletto) and usage scenarios (heavy-duty vs. light-duty). For example, a port gantry crane’s checklist may add extra checks for weather-resistant components, while a warehouse bridge crane may emphasize runway rail alignment.